SGCA Year 5 — Coding Reference Sheet

🔄 FOR Loops — range()

Basic range:

for i in range(5): # 0,1,2,3,4 print(i)

With start and stop:

for i in range(1, 6): # 1,2,3,4,5 print(i)

With step:

for i in range(0, 10, 2): # 0,2,4,6,8 print(i)

Countdown:

for i in range(10, 0, -1): # 10,9..1 print(i)

💡 range(stop) = range(0, stop, 1)

📊 Accumulators

Sum accumulator:

total = 0 # start at 0 for i in range(1, 6): total = total + i print(total) # 15

Product accumulator:

result = 1 # start at 1! for i in range(1, 6): result = result * i print(result) # 120 (5!)

Counter:

count = 0 for i in range(1, 11): if i % 2 == 0: count += 1 print(count) # 5 (even numbers)

💡 For addition: start=0. For multiplication: start=1

⏳ WHILE Loops

Basic WHILE:

x = 1 while x <= 5: print(x) x += 1 # MUST update!

User input loop:

answer = "" while answer != "quit": answer = input("Enter: ") print("You said:", answer)

Doubling:

x = 1 while x <= 100: x = x * 2 print(x) # 128

⚠️ Always update the variable — or infinite loop!

⚡ break and continue

break — exit loop:

for i in range(10): if i == 5: break # stop at 5 print(i) # prints: 0 1 2 3 4

continue — skip iteration:

for i in range(10): if i % 2 == 0: continue # skip evens print(i) # prints: 1 3 5 7 9

Keyword	Effect
break	Exit loop completely
continue	Skip to next iteration

📋 Lists

Create and access:

planets = ['Earth', 'Mars', 'Venus'] planets[0] # 'Earth' (first) planets[-1] # 'Venus' (last) len(planets) # 3

List methods:

planets.append('Jupiter') # add end planets.insert(1, 'Moon') # add at 1 planets.remove('Mars') # remove item planets.sort() # sort A-Z planets.reverse() # reverse planets.count('Earth') # count item planets.index('Venus') # find index

Loop through list:

for planet in planets: print(planet) for i, planet in enumerate(planets, 1): print(i, planet)

✂️ List Slicing

nums = [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]

Slice	Result
nums[2:5]	[30, 40, 50]
nums[:3]	[10, 20, 30]
nums[4:]	[50, 60, 70]
nums[::2]	[10, 30, 50, 70]
nums[::-1]	[70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10]
nums[1:6:2]	[20, 40, 60]

💡 list[start:stop:step] — stop is NOT included!

Useful functions:

sum(nums) # total of all items max(nums) # largest item min(nums) # smallest item sorted(nums) # returns sorted copy

🔲 Nested Loops

Basic nested loop:

for row in range(3): for col in range(3): print(row, col) # 9 total iterations (3×3)

Star grid:

for row in range(5): for col in range(5): print("*", end=" ") print() # new line

Multiplication table:

for i in range(1, 6): for j in range(1, 6): print(i*j, end="\t") print()

💡 Total iterations = outer count × inner count

🔗 Loops + Lists Together

Build list with loop:

squares = [] for i in range(1, 6): squares.append(i * i) # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

Filter list:

scores = [85, 45, 92, 67, 38] high = [] for s in scores: if s >= 70: high.append(s) # [85, 92, 67]

List comprehension (advanced):

squares = [i*i for i in range(1,6)] high = [s for s in scores if s>=70]

💡 Always initialise list before loop: mylist = []

🏆 XP Ranks & Worlds

Rank	XP	Icon
Cadet	0	🌱
Explorer	500	🔭
Navigator	1,500	🧭
Captain	3,000	⚡
Admiral	6,000	👑

World	Year	Theme
🌍 Syntax World	3	Sequences
🔮 Algorithm Alley	4	Logic
🌀 Syntax Station	5	Loops
🏜️ Debugging Dunes	6	Debugging

🔒 Canon Authority: Katarzyna Kalina vel Kalinowska

🌀 SGCA Year 5 — Coding Reference Sheet